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Germania omnis (Germania omnis: excludes the Romanized Germanic regions west of the Rhine, namely Germania Superior and Inferior; it also does not include territories south and east of the Danube which are today part of Germany.) a Gallis Rhaetisque et Pannoniis (a Gallis Rhaetisque et Pannoniis: ‘from the Gauls and the Rhaetians and Pannonians’: the double coordinating conjunction, -que et, is meant to group the peoples on the Danube apart from the Gauls, divided from Grmany by the Rhine. Rhaetia and Pannonia, both Roman provinces, had the right bank of the Danube as their northern limit. Rhaetia comprises the Tyrol region, east Switzerland, and southern Bavaria (Vindelicia); Pannonia occupied eastern Austria as far as Vienna, western Hungary, part of Serbia down to Belgrade, and most of Slovenia. ) Rheno et Danubio fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque (a Sarmatis Dacisque: the Sarmatae were a nomad people of Iranian origin that migrated to Poland and southern Russia, as far east as the Volga river, in about 200 B.C. ; the Dacians, originally from Thrace (northern Greece), inhabited the regions north of the Danube in what is today Romania.) mutuo metu aut montibus (mutuo metu aut montibus: both alliteration as well as a startling union of a human sentiment with a geographic feature: the use of language in Germania is not the adventurous kind found in the Historiae and Annales, but elements of Tacitus’ mature style are evident both in Agricola and, within the limitations imposed by the subject, in Germania. montibus refers to the Carpathian mountains separating the Germans from the Dacians.) separatur: cetera Oceanus (Oceanus: envisioned by the ancients as a sea flowing round the land mass of the Earth, all other seas being as arms off the mighty body of Oceanus.) ambit, latos sinus et insularum immensa spatia (latos sinus et insularum immensa spatia: sinus stands for bays, gulfs, fjords, but by extension applies also to the land features forming them. By sinus the Skagerrak and the Kattegat, north and east of Danemark, may be meant or the Jutland peninsula; the islands of great expanse may be the Danish islands or southern Sweden, believed to be an island. ) complectens, nuper cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. (nuper cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit: abl. abs. with dependent rel. clause: ‘certain nations and their kings, which war has revealed, having recently become known’; a reference to Drusus’ and Tiberius’ campaigns of 12-9 B.C., when Roman legions reached the Elbe, and to the exploration conducted by the fleet up to the Skagerrak. ) Rhenus, Rhaeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in occidentem versus, septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danubius, (Rhenus … Danubius: the Rhine starts in the Rhaetian Alps, below Lichtenstein, south of Davos in Switzerland; the source of the Danube is at Donauschingen in SW Germany, at the southern tip of the Black Forest (mons Abnoba), north of the Swiss town of Schaffhausen. Although the sources of the Rhine and Danube are fairly distant from each other, at one point in their early voyage to the sea the two rivers come within 30 km. (20 miles) of each other, but while the Rhine flows west then turns north to empty in the North Sea after covering a distance of 1230 km. (764 miles), the Danube flows mainly east then southeast to discharge into the Black Sea (the Pontus or Pontus Euxinus to the Romans), after a course of 2850 km. (1770 miles).) molli et clementer edito montis Abnobae jugo effusus, plures populos adit, donec in Ponticum mare sex meatibus (sex meatibus: now there are only five channels, some even say no more than three.) erumpat: (donec … erumpat: present subjunctive tends to be found after donec , ‘until’. when the main verb, here adit, is present or future; cf. L. 2007.) septimum os paludibus hauritur.