XIII.
Iulius Paulus et Iulius Civilis regia stirpe multo ceteros anteibant. (ceteros anteibant: anteeo can be transititive, like the English ‘to precede’.) Paulum Fonteius Capito (Fonteius Capito: the governor of Lower Germany; cf. Book 1, ch. 7.) falso rebellionis crimine interfecit; iniectae Civili catenae, missusque ad Neronem et a Galba absolutus sub Vitellio rursus discrimen adiit, (iniectae Civili catenae, missusque ad Neronem et a Galba absolutus sub Vitellio rursus discrimen adiit: iniectae, missus, absolutus are passive perf. indicative with implied forms of esse, just as adiit is active perfect: ‘chains were thrown around Civilis, he was sent to Nero, was absolved by Galba, and again barely avoided death under Vitellius.’ iniectae Civilis catenae: Civili is dat. with inicio; sub Vitellio discrimen adiit: cf. Book 1, ch. 59.) flagitante supplicium eius exercitu: inde causae irarum spesque ex malis nostris. (inde causae irarum spesque ex malis nostris: ‘from there the reasons of his resentment and hopes founded on our civil conflicts’) sed Civilis ultra quam barbaris solitum ingenio sollers (Civilis ultra quam barbaris solitum ingenio sollers: ‘Civilis had a cunning mind, more so than what is normal for barbarians.’ ingenio sollers: lit. ‘cunning in respect to the mind’; ingenio ia abl. of specification. ultra quam: both ultra and quam are adverbs, ‘more than.’) et Sertorium se aut Annibalem ferens simili oris dehonestamento, (Sertorium se aut Annibalem ferens simili oris dehonestamento: ‘bearing himself like Sertorius or Hannibal, the disfigurement of the face being the same’: all three had lost an eye. Sertorius, governor of Hispania citerior (later Tarraconensis), rebelled against Rome and was later assassinated in 72 B.C. Annibalem: Hannibal in Latin is occasionally found without the aspirated H.) ) ne ut hosti obviam iretur, si a populo Romano palam descivisset, (ne ut hosti obviam iretur, si a populo Romano palam descivisset: conditional sentence with apodosis in the form of a neg. purpose clause and protasis expressing unreal future condition thrown back into past time: ‘to avoid being considered an enemy, if he should have openly defected from the Roman people’; ne ut hosti obviam iretur: lit. ‘lest it might be come against him as to an enemy’; freely: ‘lest he should be attacked as an enemy’; iretur is impersonal use of the passive of an intransitive verb. The pluperf. descivisset is for action preceding in time that of iretur.) Vespasiani amicitiam studiumque partium praetendit, missis sane (sane: ‘to be sure’) ad eum Primi Antonii litteris, quibus avertere accita Vitellio auxilia et tumultus Germanici specie retentare legiones iubebatur. (tumultus Germanici specie retentare legiones iubebatur: ‘he was told to force the legions to remain [in Germany] on pretext of a German uprising.’) eadem Hordeonius Flaccus praesens (Hordeonius Flaccus praesens: ‘Hordeonius Flaccus in person’: he was the governor (legatus) of Germania Superior.) monuerat, inclinato in Vespasianum animo et rei publicae cura, (inclinato in Vespasianum animo et rei publicae cura: ‘his mind being inclined towards Vespasian and because of his concern for the state’ inclinato …animo is abl. abs. of causal sense and rei publicae cura is abl. of cause.) cui (cui: refers to rei publicae, dative with advento in place of ad +acc.) excidium adventabat, si redintegratum bellum et tot armatorum milia Italiam inrupissent. ([rei publicae] … excidium adventabat, si redintegratum [esset] bellum et tot armatorum milia Italiam inrupissent: conditional sentence of the potential type: ‘the ruin of the state was drawing near, if the war would have been revived and so many thousands of men under arms would have burst into Italy.’ The imperf. indicative in the apodosis expresses the conclusion as a fact under the condition; inrupissent: the tense indicates that the action is prior to that of adventabat.